tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-79263227714067077512024-03-13T07:54:30.164-07:00Artikel MakalahContoh artikel ini berisi tentang BiologiSatria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-80647549860869904832010-03-12T05:15:00.000-08:002010-03-12T05:15:15.244-08:00My Collection<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvclZvhjV7m8ug8xhW-VfiZjow57nEOyjC0gsg4oBfokgIAGk14Bposxzzxz3bK9k8c1MgkaLbO5qFsmfSHhTuQCek5PaW9vbDscUUAHPbkxataOSHHh6FKE48UK8Hw97niLEB6rwWWpI/s1600-h/Graphic1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvclZvhjV7m8ug8xhW-VfiZjow57nEOyjC0gsg4oBfokgIAGk14Bposxzzxz3bK9k8c1MgkaLbO5qFsmfSHhTuQCek5PaW9vbDscUUAHPbkxataOSHHh6FKE48UK8Hw97niLEB6rwWWpI/s320/Graphic1.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigJGW3UqNbxFS0J1FQdMpLt9-ERcR5FxosqvqbKOvUGT80NZkkh-ER4r5Ic6jbO8APbN4xmUWOdiBlna0ESMwcVtnXvAYPrdxHjE9Ce8n8bYPe2Yi7PG1lFudEB2jdEW4AThdardMcQF8/s1600-h/Graphic2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigJGW3UqNbxFS0J1FQdMpLt9-ERcR5FxosqvqbKOvUGT80NZkkh-ER4r5Ic6jbO8APbN4xmUWOdiBlna0ESMwcVtnXvAYPrdxHjE9Ce8n8bYPe2Yi7PG1lFudEB2jdEW4AThdardMcQF8/s320/Graphic2.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIMDhKa5Ea4zezybTY9o_2rHFNIB2npnihQQlEOtXvChrHVDkITpJ5bS-hBq6NRYemcLWD2tNICCC0uNdM0UHx1iYlq6UmavF_XgykuU713hR-nNUfNRuXo0vp-jUqpHGr_c5Ga4lT1U0/s1600-h/Graphic3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIMDhKa5Ea4zezybTY9o_2rHFNIB2npnihQQlEOtXvChrHVDkITpJ5bS-hBq6NRYemcLWD2tNICCC0uNdM0UHx1iYlq6UmavF_XgykuU713hR-nNUfNRuXo0vp-jUqpHGr_c5Ga4lT1U0/s320/Graphic3.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiYeDQwPI_bk-Vb7E222XtD5aHv3O-0_V0Y0wEsqbHywExsOh3-x-BtCvZwH7SfoGj1sj0bkS8ibThNhSpHskMtGt8l0oYOANwiqtA6cskb3nVtccvhF2sk3JfRIj54QXlsNpCWiHpZ8Y/s1600-h/Graphic4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiYeDQwPI_bk-Vb7E222XtD5aHv3O-0_V0Y0wEsqbHywExsOh3-x-BtCvZwH7SfoGj1sj0bkS8ibThNhSpHskMtGt8l0oYOANwiqtA6cskb3nVtccvhF2sk3JfRIj54QXlsNpCWiHpZ8Y/s320/Graphic4.jpg" /></a></div>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-80719492600686076312009-12-21T00:37:00.000-08:002009-12-24T02:27:28.021-08:00Teman-teman blogger<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.satria-danil.blogspot.com/" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnogb4nG75u-Q67WBBSN_F651I8kKzQwe-rmb14m26B2eIEIq0cGedtFV36bAsrZ46PF6kmDmv1i4BGwZmWDJpnQ1a2lQm5tWc0FBZHrfdaLsTTO17xJH3FQUmYYFVOHb4Ct3II4RK1Ws/s320/banner.png" width="278" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX0_kemqsrH5dwGh5z5tA4wlhosEJQjlpxNxYQZit2gSw8jgQ1vJ5Lp2cJEJF8jCZpmIBZd4sQgxWU6wKxNQM_bwPiQxB4saA4UgOcVgQyUBaxmDhuM9E6JvDbOtgdnq5QO_6c2uShVTI/s1600-h/banner.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="77" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX0_kemqsrH5dwGh5z5tA4wlhosEJQjlpxNxYQZit2gSw8jgQ1vJ5Lp2cJEJF8jCZpmIBZd4sQgxWU6wKxNQM_bwPiQxB4saA4UgOcVgQyUBaxmDhuM9E6JvDbOtgdnq5QO_6c2uShVTI/s320/banner.png" width="147" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhokPEgHd55AxvoeZicrV_LC9FVS4WBT6ccHMMlCBK1VeEk1Y-14_h7b-82uVfnILxuzPZFayZdtC3chH9lwz0ikL533JRNeB5ERyDbCIYV8Ia81Xovg-ISOsry4MQjCO0irgjtcEyhVRI/s1600-h/adever.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhokPEgHd55AxvoeZicrV_LC9FVS4WBT6ccHMMlCBK1VeEk1Y-14_h7b-82uVfnILxuzPZFayZdtC3chH9lwz0ikL533JRNeB5ERyDbCIYV8Ia81Xovg-ISOsry4MQjCO0irgjtcEyhVRI/s320/adever.jpg" /></a><br />
</div>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-68244370328462127502009-06-20T05:52:00.000-07:002009-06-20T05:53:36.693-07:00Wild cat Species<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; "><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#004000;"><div>Oke friend i will give you some information about this:</div><div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; "><img src="http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/agarman/bco/graphics/head3.gif" align="RIGHT" width="269" height="202" border="0" /><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#004000;"></span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#004000;"></span></div>The 36 species of the wild cat family are spread across most of the globe excluding the continents of Antarctica and Australia and some island groups.</span><p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Many species are to be found in similar habitats straddling several continents such as the Leopard which ranges from the southern tip of Africa, across Asia to China and various the species of Wildcat, which can be found in Europe, Africa, the Middle east and Asia.</p><p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">The majority of species however, are indigenous to only one continent. The great natural barrier of the Atlantic Ocean also serves to divide the 'New World' species from the 'Old World' - with the exception of the Lynx, which can be found as distinct sub-species in both North America and Eurasia.</p><p style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">In attempting to classify the worlds species of wild cat, modern day research is uncovering interesting facts regarding the relationship between individual species separated today by continents and oceans. In distant history the world map of wild cat distribution looked vastly different. A similarity in appearance between the New World Jaguar and the Leopard can be explained by a common ancestry - it is now thought that jaguars evolved in Asia and spread across to the Americas via the northern land bridge between the two continents. In a similar way, ancient species of lion and cheetah once roamed the New World continents.</p></span>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-32762107874527886932009-06-20T05:46:00.000-07:002009-06-20T05:49:31.926-07:00Fungus<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fungi_collage.jpg" class="image" title="Clockwise from top left: Amanita muscaria, a basidiomycete; Sarcoscypha coccinea, an ascomycete; black bread mold, a zygomycete; a chytrid; a Aspergillus conidiophore." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="Clockwise from top left: Amanita muscaria, a basidiomycete; Sarcoscypha coccinea, an ascomycete; black bread mold, a zygomycete; a chytrid; a Aspergillus conidiophore." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/280px-Fungi_collage.jpg" width="280" height="244" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Oke friend this is a article about fungus</div>A <b>fungus</b> (pronounced <span title="Pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: inherit; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; ">/ˈfʌŋɡəs/</a></span>) is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">eukaryotic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">organism</a> that is a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">kingdom</a><b>Fungi</b> (pronounced <span title="Pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: inherit; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; text-decoration: none; background-position: initial initial; ">/ˈfʌndʒaɪ/</a></span> or <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: inherit; ">/ˈfʌŋɡaɪ/</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The fungi are a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic" title="Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">monophyletic</a> group, also called the <i>Eumycota</i> (<i>true fungi</i> or <i>Eumycetes</i>), that is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeny" title="Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; text-decoration: underline; background-position: initial initial; ">phylogenetically</a> distinct from the morphologically similar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slime_mold" title="Slime mold" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">slime molds</a> (myxomycetes) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_mold" title="Water mold" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">water molds</a> (oomycetes). The fungi are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotrophic" title="Heterotrophic" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">heterotrophic</a> organisms possessing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">chitinous</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">cell wall</a>, with most species growing as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">multicellular</a> filaments called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphae" title="Hyphae" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">hyphae</a> forming a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">mycelium</a>; some species also grow as single <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">cells</a>. Sexual and asexual reproduction of the fungi is commonly via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore" title="Spore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">spores</a>, often produced on specialized structures or in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruiting_bodies" title="Fruiting bodies" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">fruiting bodies</a>. Some have lost the ability to form reproductive structures, and propagate solely by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">vegetative</a> growth. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasts" title="Yeasts" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Yeasts</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molds" title="Molds" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">molds</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushrooms" title="Mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">mushrooms</a> are examples of fungi. The discipline of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">biology</a> devoted to the study of fungi is known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">mycology</a>, and is often regarded as a branch of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany" title="Botany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">botany</a>, even though fungi are more closely related to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">animals</a> than to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">plants</a>.</span>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-56227190750147732812009-05-29T01:05:00.000-07:002009-05-29T01:06:26.697-07:00Ganggang<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 19px; "><div>Disini saya akan membagikan ilmu saya tentang Alga.</div><div><br /></div>Ganggang termasuk tumbuhan bertalus, tidak memiliki akar, batang, dan daun sejati. Ganggang ada yang bersel satu dan bersel banyak, bersifat eukariotik, ada yang hidup melayang-layang (neustonik) dan ada yang di dasar air (bentik). Habitat di air tawar, air laut dan daerah-daerah yang lembab, reproduksi dilakukan dapat dilakukan secara seksual (konjugasi, anisogami, isogami) atau aseksual.<br /><br />Berdasarkan pigmennya Alga dapat dibedakan menjadi empat:<br />1. Chlorophyta<br />Alga yang memiliki pigmen fikosianin, memiliki cadangan makanan berupa amilum. Chlorophyta bersel satu tidak bergerak (ex chlorella, chlorococcum), chlorophyta bersel satu dapat bergerak (chlamydomonas,euglena), chlorophyta berkoloni tidak bergerak (hidrodictyon), chlorophyta berkoloni dapat bergerak ( volvox), chlorophyta berbentuk benang (spirogyra, oedogonium), dan chlorophyta berbentuk lembaran (ulva, chara).<br /><br />Chlorella memiliki bentuk tubuh bulat seperti bola, kloroplas berbentuk seperti mangkuk, dalam kloroplas terdapat perenoid berfungsi dalam pembentukan amilum dan sebagai tempat penyimpan hasil dari asimilasi yang berupa protein dan karbohidrat, di laboratorium chlorella digunakan untuk penelitian fotosintesis. Chlorella dapat dijadikan makanan alternatif dengan alasan sebagai berikut: apabila ia berada di lingkungan yang baik dengan suhu 25 maka ia dapat berkembang biak dengan cepat, apabila di dalam medium terdapat nutrisi yang cukup di tambah karbondioksida dan sinar matahari maka ia akan melakukan fotosintesis hasilnya berupa karbohidrat, protein, lemak untuk hasil tersebut dapat disesuaikan dengan keinginan manusia.<br /><br />Volvox bentuk koloni bulat seperti bola, dalam koloninya terdapat sel-sel yang menebal yang berfungsi sebagai alat reproduksi. Volvox yang satu dengan volvox yang lain dihubungkan oleh benang sitoplasma dan memiliki 2 flagel.<br /><br />Proses konjugasi pada spirogyra : (1) spirogyra yang berbeda jenis kelamin saling berdekatan (2) 2 spirogyra tersebut membentuk tonjolan makin lama semakin dekat dan akhirnya nempel (3) tonjolan tempat melekatnya 2 spirogyra tersebut hilang (4) spirogyra satu memindahkan isi selnya pada spirogyra yang lain dengan diawali plasmogami/peleburan plasma dan diikuti dengan kariogami/peleburan inti sel (5) spirogyra yang mengeluarkan isi selnya disebut spirogyra jantan. Hasil konjugasi akan membentuk 4 sel spirogyra dan biasanya hanya satu yang akan menjadi individu baru.<br /><br />2. Chrysophyta<br />Ganggang keemasan memiliki pigmen dominan karotin, hidup secara autotrof, reproduksi aseksual (membentuk auksospora dan membelah diri) seksual (oogami). Chrysophyta bersel satu (navicula/diatome, ochromonas) dan chrysophyta berbentuk benang/bersel banyak (vaucheria).<br /><br />Navicula/diatome/ganggang kersik tubuhnya terdiri atas dua bagian yaitu bagian atas atau tutup (epiteka) dan bagian bawah (hipoteka). Reproduksi dengan aseksual melalui membelah diri dan seksual dengan isogami. Isogami yang terjadi yaitu apabila telur/sel telur sudah mencapai batas minimum maka protoplasma akan keluar dan menjadi badan yang disebut auksospora. Selanjutnya mencapai ukuran normal, auksospora akan membentuk epiteka dan hipoteka seperti semula. Manfaat navicula yaitu sebagai bahan peledak, bahan penyaring, bahan pembuat isolasi, dan bahan penggosok.<br /><br />Ochromonas bentuk menyerupai bola, kloroplasnya berbentuk lembaran, mempunyai 2 flagel yang tidak sama panjang. Vaucheria inti sel tersebar diseluruh tubuh, memiliki rizoid yang berfungsi sebagai akar (akar tidak memiliki floem dan xilem), di dalam tubuhnya terdapat anteridium penghasil spermatozoid; oogonium penghasil sel telur.<br /><br />3. Phaeophyta<br />Phaeophyta memiliki pigmen fikosantin. Menghasilkan asam alginat yang berfungsi untuk pembuatan es krim, pembuatan cat, berfungsi dalam industri untuk penyamakan kertas/menghaluskan kertas, pernis, obat-obatan, dan pasta gigi. Contohnya Fucus, Sargassum, Turbinaria, Macrocystis.<br /><br />Fucus habitatnya di laut sepanjang pantai melekat pada batu-batuan, di dalam tubuhnya terdapat rongga yang menghasilkan gamet disebut konseptakel dan pada bagian ujung tubuhnya terdapat alat untuk perkembangbiakan disebut reseptakel.</span>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-62740839729125154622009-05-29T01:04:00.000-07:002009-05-29T01:05:23.934-07:00Tumbuhan paku<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; line-height: 19px; "><div>Disini saya akan membagikan ilmu tentang tumbuhan paku.</div><div><br /></div>Tumbuhan paku merupakan tumbuhan berkormus dan berpembuluh yang paling sederhana. Terdapat lapisan pelindung sel (jaket steril) di sekeliling organ reproduksi, sistem transpor internal, hidup di tempat yang lembap. Akar serabut berupa rizoma, ujung akar dilindungi kaliptra. Sel-sel akar membentuk epidermis, korteks, dan silinder pusat (terdapat xilem dan fleom).<br /><br />Batang tumbuhan paku tidak tampak karena terdapat di dalam tanah berupa rimpang, sangat pendek, ada juga yang dapat mencapai 5 meter seperti pada paku pohon atau paku tiang. Daun ketika masih muda melingkar dan menggulung. Beradasarkan bentuk dan ukurandan susunannya daun tumbuhan paku dibedakan menjadi mikrofil dan makrofil. Mikrofil bentuk kecil atau bersisik, tidak bertangkai, tidak bertulang daun, belum memperlihatkan diferensiasi sel. Makrofil daun besar, bertangkai, bertulang daun, bercabang-cabang, sel telah terdiferensiasi. Berdasarkan fungsinya daun tumbuhan paku dibedakan menjadi tropofil dan sporofil. Tropofil merupakan daun yang khusus untuk asimilasi atau fotosintesis. Sporofil berfungsi untuk menghasilkan spora.<br /><br />Spora tumbuhan paku dibentuk dalam kotak spora (sporangium). Kumpulan sporangium disebut sorus. Sorus muda sering dilindungi oleh selaput yang disebut indusium. Berdasarkan macam spora yang dihasilkan tumbuhan paku dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu paku homospora (isospora), paku heterospora dan paku peralihan. Paku homospora menghasilkan satu jenis spora (ex Lycopodium/paku kawat). Paku heterospora menghasilkan dua jenis spora yang berlainan yaitu megaspora (ukuran besar) dan mikrospora (ukuran kecil) (ex Marsilea/semanggi dan Selaginella/paku rane). Paku peralihan merupakan peralihan antara homospora dan heterospora menghasilkan spora pbentuk dan ukurannya sama tetapi berbeda jenis kelamin (ex Equisetum debile/paku ekor kuda).<br /><br />Tumbuhan paku bereproduksi secara aseksual (vegetatif) dengan stolon yang menghasilkan gemma (tunas). Gemma adalah anakan pada tulang daun atau kaki daun yang mengandung spora. Reproduksi seksual (generatif) melalui pembentukan sel kelamin jantan/spermatozoid (gametangium jantan/anteridium) dan sel kelamin betina/ovum (gametangium betina/arkegonium). Seperti pada lumut tumbuhan paku juga mengalami pergiliran keturunan/metagenesis. Metagenesis tersebut dibedakan antara paku homospora dan heterospora.<br /><br />Tumbuhan paku dibedakan menjadi empat kelompok yaitu Psilotophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, dan Pterophyta. Psilotophyta mempunyai dua genera (ex Psilotum sp). Psilotum sp tersebar luas di daerah tropik dan subtropik, mempunyai ranting dikotom, tidak memiliki akar dan daun, pengganti akar berupa rizoma diselubungi rambut-rambut yang dikenal rizoid.<br /><br />Lycophyta contohnya Lycopodium sp dan Selaginella sp. Lycopodium sp sporanya dalam sporofit daun khusus untuk reproduksi dan dapat bertahan dalam tanah selama 9 tahun, dapat menghasilkan spora tunggal yang berkembang menjadi gametofit biseksual (memiliki baik organ jantan dan betina), jenis homospora. Selaginella sp merupakan tanaman heterospora, menghasilkan dua jenis spora (megaspora/gamet betina dan mikrospora/gamet jantan).<br /><br />Sphenophyta sering disebut paku ekor kuda, bersifat homospora, mempunyai akar; batang; daun sejati, batangnya keras karena dinding sel mengandung silika. Contohnya Equisetum debile (paku ekor kuda).<br /><br />Pterophyta (paku sejati) umumnya tumbuh di darat pada daerah tropis dan subtropis. Daunnya besar, daun muda menggulung. Sporangium terdapat pada sporofil (daun penghasil spora). Contohnya: Adiantum cuncatum (paku suplir untuk hiasan), Marsilea crenata (semanggi untuk sayuran), Asplenium nidus (paku sarang burung), Pletycerium bifurcatum (paku tanduk rusa).</span>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-87158907705127354902009-05-29T01:01:00.000-07:002009-05-29T01:03:21.261-07:00SPERMATOPHYTA (TUMBUHAN BERBIJI)<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; line-height: 19px; "><div>Disini saya akan membagikan ilmu saya tentang <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(45, 110, 137); font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; ">Spermatophyta (tumbuhan berbiji):</span></span></div><div><br /></div>Spermatophyta (tumbuhan berbiji) memiliki ciri-ciri antara lain: makroskopis dengan ketinggian bervariasi, bentuk tubuhnya bervariasi, cara hidup fotoautotrof, habitatnya kebanyakan di darat tapi ada juga yang mengapung di air (teratai), mempunyai pembuluh floem dan xilem, reproduksi melalui penyerbukan (polinasi) dan pembuahan (fertilisasi). Tumbuhan biji dibedakan menjadi dua golongan yaitu tumbuhan berbiji terbuka (Gymnospermae) dan tumbuhan berbiji tertutup (Angiospermae).<br /><br />Gymnospermae (tumbuhan berbiji terbuka)<br />Ciri-ciri gymnospermae tidak mempunyai bunga sejati, tidak ada mahkota bunganya. Bakal biji terdapat di luar permukaan dan tidak dilindungi oleh daun buah, merupakan tumbuhan heterospora yaitu menghasilkan dua jenis spora berlainan, megaspora membentuk gamet betina, sedangkan mikrospora menghasilkan serbuk sari, struktus reproduksi terbentuk di dalam strobilus. Dalam reproduksi terjadi pembuahan tunggal.<br /><br />Gymnospermae dibagi dalam empat kelompok yaitu pinophyta, cycadophyta, ginkgophyta dan gnetophyta. Pinophyta dikenal sebagai konifer, menghasilkan resin/getah, monoesis, daun berbentuk jarum, contohnya Pinus sp. Cycadophyta hidup di daerah tropis dan subtropis, diesis, contohnya Cycas revoluta, Cycas rumphii, Encephalartos transvenosus. Ginkgophyta hanya mempunyai satu spesies di dunia ini yaitu Ginkgo biloba, diesis, biji tidak di dalam rujung benar-benar terbuka ke udara bebas. Gnetophyta berbeda dengan kelompok lainnya karena memiliki pembuluh kayu untuk mengatur air pada bagian xilemnya. Contohnya Gnetum gnemon, Epherda dan Welwitschia. Manfaat gymnospermae yaitu untuk industri kertas dan korek api (Pinus dan Agathis), untuk obat-obatan (Pinus, Ephedra, Juniperus), untuk makanan (Gnetum gnemon), tanaman hias (Thuja, Cupressus, Araucaria).<br /><br />Angiospermae (tumbuhan berbiji tertutup)<br />Ciri-ciri Angiospermae memiliki bakal biji atau biji yang tertutup oleh daun buah, mempunyai bunga sejati, umumnya tumbuhan berupa pohon, perdu, semak, liana dan herba. Dalam reproduksi terjadi pembuahan ganda. Angiospermae dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu Monocotyledoneae (berkeping satu) dan Dicotyledoneae (berkeping dua).<br /><br />Monocotyledoneae<br />Mempunyai biji berkeping satu, berakar serabut, batangnya dari pangkal sampai ujung hampir sama besarnya. Umumnya tidak bercabang. Akar dan batang tidak berkambium. Contohnya: Oryza sativa (padi), Zea mays (jagung), Musa paradisiaca (pisang), Cocos nucifera (kelapa).<br /><br />Dicotyledoneae<br />Mempunyai biji jumlah kepingnya dua, berakar tunggang, batang dari pangkal besar makin ke atas makin kecil. Batang bercabang, akar dan batang berkambium. Contohnya: Casia siamea (johar), Arachis hypogea (kacang tanah), Psidium guajava (jambu biji), Ficus elastica (karet).</span>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-60212186787241826262009-05-29T00:58:00.000-07:002009-05-29T01:00:53.717-07:00Invertebrata<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;">Disina saya akan berbagi ilmu tentang invertebrata.</span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Invertebrata adalah hewan yang tidak mempunyai tulang punggung atau ruas-ruas tulang belakang. Invertebrata terdiri dari beberapa phyllum, yaitu :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>Phyllum Protozoa<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>Phyllum Porifera<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>Phyllum Coelenterata<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>Phyllum Platyhelminthes<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>Phyllum Nemathelmintes<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>Phyllum Annelida<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>Phyllum Mollusca<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>Phyllum Arthropoda<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>Phyllum Echinodermata<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">1. <span></span>Phyllum Protozoa<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Prtozoa berasal dari bahasa latin <i>proto</i> (pertama) dan <i>zoon</i> (hewan). Protozoa memeliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Bersel satu<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Hidup di air laut, air tawar, tanah bahkan parasit pada hewan/tumbuhan dan manusia<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Pembiakan :<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -42pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">seksual<span> </span>:<span> </span>- <span style="color: fuchsia; ">singami</span><span> </span>: persatuan dua gamet yang sama</span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: 24pt; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>atau berbeda ukurannya</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -42pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>- <span style="color: fuchsia; ">konyugasi</span> : terjadinya pertukaran inti<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">aseksual : dengan pembelahan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">-<span> </span>Protozoa memperoleh makanan dengan cara menelan secara utuh melalui permukaan sel.</span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Sejumlah protozoa dapat menimbulkan penyakit dan ada pula yang menyebabkan racun bagi ikan-ikan di laut jika terdapat dalam jumlah yang sangat besar (blooming).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Berdasarkan alat geraknya protozoa terdiri 4 kelas :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- Kelas Rhizopoda/ Sarcidina<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- Kelas Flagellata/ Mastigophora<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- Kelas Ciliata/ Ciliophora/ Infusoria<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- Kelas Sporozoa<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">a. <span></span>Kelas Rhizopoda (Sarcodina)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Bergerak dengan <span style="color: fuchsia; ">pseudopodia</span> (kaki palsu) dalam bentuk lobodia (ujung tumpul), filopodia (halus dan ujung runcing), aksopodia (teratur dari satu pusat).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Entamoeba dysentriae</i><span> </span>: penyebab penyakit disentri<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Entamoeba histolitica</i> : hidup di jaringan usus, disentri<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Entamoeba giginvalis</i><span> </span>: hidup di rongga mulut<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Emtamoeba coli</i><span> </span>: hidup di colon<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Foraminifera </i><span> </span>: sebagai indikator adanya minyak bumi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Radiolaria </i><span> </span>: sebagai alat penggosok<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Arcella</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Diffugia</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">b. <span></span>Kelas Flagella (Mastigophora)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Bergerak dengan menggunakan bulu cambuk, hidup di laut, air tawar bahkan pada tubuh hewan/ manusia.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Berbiak dengan membelah diri.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 60pt; text-indent: -48pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Euglena</i><span> </span><span> </span>: juga dimasukan ke dalam algae (tumb.)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 60pt; text-indent: -48pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Noctiluca miliaris</i> : laut tampak bercahaya di malam hari<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 60pt; text-indent: -48pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">- <i>Volvox globator</i> :<span> </span>berkloroplas, juga dimasukan dalam kelompok tumbuhan</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 60pt; text-indent: -48pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Trypanosoma gambiense<span> </span></i>:<span> </span>penyakit<span> </span>tidur, terinfeksi dengan perantaraan<span> </span>lalat tsetse<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 60pt; text-indent: -48pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Trypanosoma evansi</i> : penyakit sura pada ternak<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 60pt; text-indent: -48pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Leishmania donovani</i>: penyakit kala azar<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">c. <span> </span>Kelas Ciliata (Ciliophora/ Infsoria)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Bergerak dengan <span style="color: fuchsia; ">silia</span> (rambut getar, bulu getar, bulu halus). Banyak ditemukan pada perairan yang tercemar bahan organik dan juga di sekitar tumbuhan air.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Stentor</i><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>: bentuk seperti terompet<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Vorticella</i><span> </span><span> </span>: bentuk seperti lonceng<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Didinium</i><span> </span>: predator sebagai pemangsa paramicium<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Balantidium coli</i>: hidup pada usus besar<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <i>Paramecium</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">d. <span></span>Kelas Sporozoa<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Tidak memiliki alat gerak. Hidup parasit dalam saluran usus, darah atau jaringan lain.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Plasmodium</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> : penyebab penyakit malaria<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Malaria ditularkan olen nyamuk Anopheles betina, yang kali pertama ditemukan oleh Dr. Laveran.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Ada 2 phase daur hidup Plasmodium, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- Phase fegetatif : berlangsung dalam tubuh penderita<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- Phase generatif :<span> </span>berlangsung<span> </span>dalam<span> </span>tubuh<span> </span>nyamuk<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Anopheles<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Macam-macam malaria, yaitu :<span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- Malaria tropicana : penyebabnya <i>Plasmodium falcifarum</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- Malaria tertiana<span> </span>: penyebabnya <i>Plasmodium vivax</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- Malaria quartana<span> </span>: penyebabnya <i>Plasmodium malariae</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Siklus hidup malaria :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Dimulai dengan gigitan nyamuk <i>Anopheles</i> betina, spora seksual masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia dan masuk ke dalam sel darah merah. Di dalam sel darah merah terjadi pertumbuhan dan pembelahan yang akan membentuk spora aseksual. Spora aseksual dapat membiak kembali pada sel darah merah atau masuk lagi ke dalam tubuh nyamuk. Spora akan berubah menjadi <span style="color: fuchsia; ">makrogamet</span> dan <span style="color: fuchsia; ">mikrogamet</span>. Jika keduanya bersatu terjadi pembuahan dan terbentuklah zigot. Zigot menjadi<span style="color: fuchsia; ">ookinet</span> kemudian menjadi <span style="color: fuchsia; ">kista</span> dan <span style="color: fuchsia; ">sporoblas</span>. Sporoblas akan menghasilkan spora seksual.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">2. <span></span>Phyllum Porifera</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Disebut porifera karena tubuhnya banyak mempunyai lubang-lubang kecil (pori-pori), yang merupakan muara saluran menuju bagian rongga di tengah tubuhnya (<span style="color: fuchsia; ">oskulum</span>).</span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Pada bagian luar mesenkim terdapat sel amoeboid dan rangka dari spikula atau spongia. Lapisan dalam mengandung sel-sel berleher yang disebut<span style="color: fuchsia; ">koanosid</span>. Sel amoeboid dan koanosid berfungsi untuk menangkap makanan.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Perkembangbiakan berlangsung secara kawin dan dengan<span> </span>pembentukan kuncup.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Hewan ini memiliki daya regenerasi yang tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Berdasarkan sirkulasi air yang terjadi dalam tubuh porifera, terdapat 3 type yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 66pt; text-indent: -66pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">a.<span> </span><span style="color: blue; ">Type ascon</span> : jika air masuk melalui pori-pori diteruskan<span> </span>menuju bagian tengah tubuh dan keluar melalui oskulum<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 66pt; text-indent: -66pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">b.<span> </span><span style="color: blue; ">Type sycon</span> : jika air masuk melalui pori-pori diteruskan ke saluran radial yang berdinding selsel leher terus masuk ke saluran bagian tengah tubuh dan keluar melalui oskulum<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 66pt; text-indent: -66pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">c. <span style="color: blue; ">Type leucon/ ragon</span> : jika air masuk melalui<span> </span>pori-pori kemudian ke saluran radial yang bercabang-cabang kemudian masuk ke saluran bagian tengah tubuh dan keluar melalui oskulum.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Gb. a.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; ">oskulum<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span>ostia<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>spongosoel</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Gb. b.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; ">oskulum<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>ostia<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span>spongocoel<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span> </span><span> </span>saluran radial<span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Gb .c.<span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>oskulum<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span>ostia<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span> </span><span> </span>saluran radial bercabang</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Atas susunan rangkanya porifera terbagi menjadi 3 kelas :<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">a.</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span> </span><b>Calcarea</b><span> </span>: mempunyai spikula dari zat kapur<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span>contoh : - <i>Leucosolenia</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>- <i>Grantia</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>- <i>Spykula</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">b.</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> <span></span><b>Hexactinellida</b> : mempunyai spikula dari silikat<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span>contoh : <i>Euplectella</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">c.</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> <span> </span><b>Demospongiae</b> : mempunyai spikula dari<span> </span>silikat<span> </span>bersama-sama spngin atau hanya spongin saja<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>contoh : - <i>Euspongia</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>- <i>Spongilla</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Peranan porifera dalam kehidupan :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Porifera selain berperan dalam ekosistem air juga dapat dipakai sebagai bahan pmbersih atau penggosok.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">3. <span></span>Phyllum Coelenterata<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Coelenterata merupakan hewan yang mempunyai rongga besar di tengah tubuhnya yang berfungsi seperti usus, rongga tersebut disebut dengan rongga <span style="color: fuchsia; ">gastrovascular</span>. Rongga ini hanya mempunyai satu lobang yang berfungsi sebagai mulut juga sebagai lobang pengeluaran sisa pencernakan.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Coleenterata hidup di laut dan beberapa di air tawar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Reeproduksi dilakukan secara seksual yaitu dengan pertemuannya sel kelamin jantan dan kelamin betina dan secara aseksual dengan pembentukan kuncup.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Dalam hidupnya coelenterata mempunyai pergiliran keturunan dan terdapat 2 type bentuk tubuh, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -48pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span style="color: fuchsia; ">Polip<span> </span></span><span> </span>: <span> </span>hidup tidak dapat bergerak bebas/ menempel,<span> </span>bentuk seperti tabung<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -48pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span style="color: fuchsia; ">Medusa </span><span> </span>: <span> </span>hidup dapat berenang bebas, bentuk seperti payung atau lonceng<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Coelenterata mempunyai sel-sel<span> </span>penyengat (<span style="color: fuchsia; ">nematokist</span>) yang berfungsi untuk mempertahankan diri dan untuk <span> </span>melumpuhkan mangsa.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Tubuh tesusun atas 3 lapisan :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 60pt; text-indent: -60pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>Ektoderm <span> </span>: <span> </span>merupakan lapisan luar dan terdapat nematokist<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 60pt; text-indent: -60pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>Mesoglea<span> </span><span> </span>: <span> </span>merupakan lapisan tengah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 60pt; text-indent: -60pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>Endoderm <span> </span>:<span> </span>merupakan lapisan dalam dan terdapat rongga gastrovascular<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Coelenterata terbagi menjadi 3 kelas, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">a.</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> <span></span><b>Hydrozoa<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">contoh : <span> </span>- <i>Hydra </i>, hidup di air tawar dan hanya<span> </span>dalam<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>bentuk polip.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span>- Obelia<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span>- Physalia<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 48pt; text-indent: -36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>- Gonionemus<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">b. <span></span>Scyphozoa</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span>contoh : Aurelia aurita (ubur-ubur), hidup<span> </span>di laut<span> </span>mempunyai bentuk dominan medusa.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span>Gb. Daur hidup Scypozoa<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Ket<span> </span>:<span> </span>a.<span> </span>srobila<span> </span>g.<span> </span>planula<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>b.<span> </span>medusa muda<span> </span>h.<span> </span>polop muda<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>c.<span> </span>medusa<span> </span><span> </span>i.<span> </span><span> </span>polop<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>d.<span> </span>spermatozoid<span> </span>j.<span> </span>scyphistom<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>e.<span> </span>ovum<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span> </span>f.<span> </span>gastrula</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">c.</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> <span> </span><b>Anthozoa</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span>contoh : anemon laut dan hewan-hewan karang, di dapatkan hanya hanya dalam bentuk polip.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Peranan Coelenterata dalam kehidupan :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>memberi warna taman laut tampak indah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>sebagai barier/ penghalang pantai terhadap ombak<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>sebagai bahan makanan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>sebagai bahan obat-obatan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span>sebagai bahan kosmetik<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">4. <span></span>Pyllum Platyhemnthes (cacing pipih)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Merupakan binatang <span style="color: fuchsia; ">triploblastik aselomata</span>, tubuh pipih seperti pita, hidup di air tawar, laut, tanah yang lembab atau sebagai parasit pada hewan/ tumbuhan. Cacing yang hidup parasit mempunyai lapisan <span style="color: fuchsia; ">kuticula</span>, alat penghisap atau alat kait yang digunakan untuk menempel pada dinding sel inangnya.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Saluran pencernakan belum sempurna, hanya mempunyai mulut tanpa anus, ususnya bercabang-cabang.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Bersifat hermaprodit.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Platyhelminthes dibedakan menjadi 3 kelas :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">a. <span></span>Turbellaria</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> (cacing bulu getar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -54pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>contoh : - <i>Planaria</i>, hidup di air<span> </span>tawar<span> </span>dan<span> </span>mempunyai<span> </span>daya<span> </span>regenerasi yang tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">b. <span></span>Trematoda</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> (cacing hisap)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -54pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>contoh : -<span> </span><i>Fasciola hepatica</i> (cacing hati)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>- <i>Chlonorchis sinensis</i>, hidup pada daging ikan air tawar (inang sementara)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span><i>Schistosoma japonicom</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span><i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>, hidup dalam darah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span><i>Schistosoma haematobium</i><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span><i>Fasciolopsis buski</i>, hidup dalam usus<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>- <i>Paragonimus westermani</i>, hidup dalam paru-paru<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Gb. skema daur hidup <i>Fasciola hepatica</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><v:rect id="_x0000_s1027" filled="f" style="margin-top: 0.05pt; z-index: 2; left: 0px; margin-left: 65.05pt; width: 36pt; position: absolute; height: 9pt; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></v:rect><v:rect id="_x0000_s1029" filled="f" style="margin-top: 0.05pt; z-index: 4; left: 0px; margin-left: 179.05pt; width: 42pt; position: absolute; height: 9pt; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></v:rect><v:rect id="_x0000_s1028" filled="f" style="margin-top: 0.05pt; z-index: 3; left: 0px; margin-left: 113.05pt; width: 54pt; position: absolute; height: 9pt; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></v:rect><v:rect id="_x0000_s1026" filled="f" stroke style="margin-top: 0.05pt; z-index: 1; left: 0px; margin-left: 5.05pt; width: 48pt; position: absolute; height: 9pt; text-align: left; color:#330;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></v:rect><span style="font-size: 8pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>dewasa(D)<span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Wingdings; "><span>à</span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> <span></span>telur(T)<span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Wingdings; "><span>à</span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>mirasidium(M)<span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Wingdings; "><span>à</span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>sporokis(S)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 8pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><v:line id="_x0000_s1033" to="197.05pt,17.65pt" from="197.05pt,-.35pt" strokeweight=".25pt" style="z-index: 8; left: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: left; "><v:stroke endarrow="open"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></v:stroke></v:line><v:line id="_x0000_s1034" to="23.05pt,17.65pt" from="23.05pt,-.35pt" strokeweight=".25pt" style="z-index: 9; left: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: left; "><v:stroke endarrow="open"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></v:stroke></v:line><span style="font-size: 8pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 8pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><v:rect id="_x0000_s1032" filled="f" style="margin-top: 8.25pt; z-index: 7; left: 0px; margin-left: 179.05pt; width: 42pt; position: absolute; height: 9pt; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></v:rect><v:rect id="_x0000_s1031" filled="f" style="margin-top: 8.25pt; z-index: 6; left: 0px; margin-left: 107.05pt; width: 42pt; position: absolute; height: 9pt; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></v:rect><v:rect id="_x0000_s1030" filled="f" style="margin-top: 8.25pt; z-index: 5; left: 0px; margin-left: 5.05pt; width: 60pt; position: absolute; height: 9pt; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></v:rect><span style="font-size: 8pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 8pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>metaserkaria(M)<span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Wingdings; "><span>ß</span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>serkaria(S)<span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Wingdings; "><span>ß</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; "><span> </span><span> </span>redia(R) </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Daur hidup <i>Fasciola hepatica</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Cacing dewasa yang hidup di ternak bersifat hermaprodit, berkembangbiak secara seksual dengan pembuahan silang atau pembuahan sendiri. Embrio berkembang dalam uterus, satu cacing dewasa dapat menghasilkan sekitar 500.000 larva, embrio keluar bersama feses dan pada tempat yang basah akan tumbuh menjadi larva bersilia (mirasidium). Mirasidium masuk ke tubuh siput <i>Lymnea</i> dan terbentuklah sporokis. Sporokis secara partenogenesis menghasilkan redia. Redia secara partenogenesis menjadi serkaria. Serkaria meninggalkan tubuh siput menjadi metaserkaria. Metaserkaria menempel pada tanaman/ rumput yang selanjutnya termakan oleh ternak, .................dan seterusnya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">c. <span> </span>Cestoda</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> (cacing pita)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Tubuh tertutup kutikula, terdiri atas segmen-segmen (<span style="color: fuchsia; ">proglotid</span>) dan sudah dibedakan antara kepala (<span style="color: fuchsia; ">skolek</span>) dantubuh (<span style="color: fuchsia; ">strobilus</span>). Skolek dilengkapi dengan alat penghisap/alat kait. Setiap segmen mengandung alat perkembangbiakan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Cacing ini bersifat hermaprodit dan sebuah proglotid merupakan satu individu.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Cestoda hidupnya parasit pada alat pencernakan hewan.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Taenea solium</i>, cacing pita pada babi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span><i>Taenea saginata</i>, cacing pita pada sapi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span><i>Diphyllobothrium latum</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span><i>Echinococcus granulosus</i>, cacing pita pada anjing<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">- <span> </span><i>Hymenolephis</i>, cacing pita kerdil<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;"><strong>5. <span></span>Phyllum Nemathelminthes (cacing gilig, benang,</strong></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">tambang)</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Merupakan hewan <span style="color: fuchsia; ">triploblastik pseudoselomata</span>, tubuh tidak bersegmen dan tertutup kuticula. Saluran pencernakan mulai dari mulut sampai anus. Di temukan hidup di air, tanah, parasit pada akar, alat pencernaan hewan atau jaringan lain. Cacing betina lebih besar daripada cacing jantan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Reproduksi denga seksual.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Ascaris lumbricoides</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">, cacing perut manusia yang masuk melalui makanan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Ascaris megalochephala</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">, cacing perut pada kuda.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Ascaris suilae</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">, cacing perut pada babi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Ancylostoma duodenale</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">, cacing tambang pada manusia yang masuk ketubuh manusia melalui kulit telapak kaki<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Necator americanus</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">, cacing tambang di america<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Oxyuris vermicularis</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">/ <i>Enterobius vermicularis</i>, cacing kremi pada manusia yang masuk melalui makanan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Wuchereria branchrofti</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">/ <i>Filaria branchrofti</i>, cacing penyebab penyakit kaki gajah (elefantiasis) yang ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk <i>Culex vatican</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Trichinella spirallis</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">, cacing cambuk<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Loa</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">, cacing mata<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Onchorcerca</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">, cacing pembuta<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Heterodera radicicota</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">, cacing akar<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">6.<span> </span>Annelida (cacing gelang/ cincin)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Merupakan binatang <span style="color: fuchsia; ">triploblastik selomata</span>, tubuhnya bersegmen. Setiap segmen dibatasi oleh sekat (septum). Sudah memiliki sistem syaraf, pencernaan, ekskresi, reproduksi dan sistem pembuluh. Hidup di air tawar, laut darat atau parasit.</span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Annelida dibedakan menjadi 3 kelas, yaitu :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">a.<span> </span>Oligochaeta (cacing berambut sedikit)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">contoh<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Lumbricus terestris</i> (cacing tanah)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Moniligaster houteni</i> (cacing tanah di Sumatra)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Pheretima sp</i> (cacing tanah)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Pherichaeta musica</i> (cacing hutan)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Tubifex sp (cacing air) <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">b.<span> </span>Polychaeta (cacing berambut banyak)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">contoh<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Neanthes virens<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Arenicola marina<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">-<span> </span>Eunice viridis</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> (cacing wawo)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Lysidicol oele</i> (cacing palolo)<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">c.<span> </span>Hirudinea (golongan lintah)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>contoh<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Hirudo medicinalis</i>, lintah yang merupakan penghasil anti pembekuan darah (zat hirudin)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Hirudinaria javanica</i>, lintah kuning<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Haemadipsa zeylanice</i>, pacet<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent2" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Peranan Annelida dalam kehidupan<span> </span>:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Menyuburkan tanah, karena membantu menghancurkan tanah dan membantu aerasi tanah misal cacing palolo.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Sebagai makanan, misal cacing palolo dan cacing wawo<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Menghasilkan zat hirudin atau<span> </span>zat antikoagulan atau zat anti pembekuan darah, misal lintah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Gb.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 6pt; ">mulut<span> </span>penghisap<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 6pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>depan<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 6pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 6pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>seta<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 6pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">(duri halus)<span> </span>parapodia<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 6pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 6pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 6pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">klitelium<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 6pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>penghisap<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 6pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>belakang<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Oligochaeta<span> </span><span> </span>Polychaeta<span> </span><span> </span>Hirudinea<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 6pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">7.<span> </span>Arthropoda (hewan beruas-ruas)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Merupakan binatang <span style="color: fuchsia; ">triploblastik selomata</span>, tubuh beruas-ruas dan tiap ruas mempunyai kaki yang bersendi, rangka dari kitin atau zat tanduk, merupakan yang paling besar jumlahnya. Hidup di air tawar, laut, parasit pada hewan, tumbuhan dan manusia.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Tubuh terbagi menjadi 3, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>caput<span> </span>: kepala<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>torax<span> </span>:<span> </span>dada<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>abdomen<span> </span>:<span> </span>perut<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Sistem organ lengkap, meliputi<span> </span>:<span> </span>sistem peredaran darah, pencernaan, syaraf, pengeluran, pernafasan, indera dan perkembangbiakan.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Sistem peredaran darah terbuka dan tidak mengandung hemoglobin sehingga darah tidak berwarna merah, darah berfungsi mengangkut sari makanan dan zat sampah. Alat pernafasan yang hidup di air dengan insang dan yang hidup di darat dengan menggunakan paru-paru buku atau trakhea. Sistem syaraf dengan mengunakan sistem syaraf tangga tali. Perkembangbiakan generatif dan dalam perkembangannya ada yang mengalami metamorfosis yaitu perubahan bentuk tutbuh dari sederhana menjadi sempurna. Alat indera berupa antena sebagai alat peraba dan mata sebagai alat pengelihat. Alat gerak berupa kaki dan sayap.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Arthropoda terdiri dari 5 kelas, yaitu<span> </span>:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Crustacea<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Insecta<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Chilopoda<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Diplopoda<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Arachnida<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">a.<span> </span>Crustacea<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Hidup di air, bernafas dengan insang, kepala dan dada tidak dapat dipisahkan sehingga disebut <span style="color: fuchsia; ">cephalothorax </span>(kepala dada), rangka luar dari kitin, antena 2 pasang, kaki 1 pasang pada setiap ruas tubuh dan pada udang atau kepiting terdapat 5 pasang kaki jalan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Pada umumnya telur menetas menjadi larva dan setelah mengalami pengelupasan kulit maka larva tubuh menjadi hewan dewasa.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Contoh<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Cambarus sp</i> (udang air tawar)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Panulirus sp</i> (udang laut)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Pagurus sp</i> (rajungan)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><i>Cancer sp</i> (kepiting)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Peranan Crustacea dalam kehidupan manusia<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>sebagai bahan makan untuk manusia<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>sebagai zooplankton untuk makanan ikan di laut dan merupakan komponen penting dalam ekosistem<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>beberapa Crustacea bersifat merusak atau parasit, yaitu membuat lobang pada katu bagian luar kapal<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">b.<span> </span>Insecta (serangga)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Hidup di darat dan beberapa di air trawar. Tubuh dibedakan menjadi caput (kepala), thorax (dada) dan abdomen (perut).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Kepala didapatkan mata, antena dan alat mulut yang bertype :<span> </span><span> </span>-<span> </span>menggigit<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>menusuk dan menggigit<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>menghisap<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>menjilat<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Dada terdiri dari 3 segmen yang masing-masing mempunyai sepasang kakidan biasanya mempunyai 2 pasang sayap.</span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Perut terdiri dari sebelas segmen atau kurang, pada tiap segmen terdapat lobang nafas dan segmen terakhir berfungsi untuk reproduksi.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Dalam hidupnya insecta mengalami metamorfosis atau perubahan bentuk tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Metamorfosa dibedakan menjadi 2 yaitu<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Metamorfosa sempurna (<span style="color: fuchsia; ">holometabola</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">tahapnya :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Telur </span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Wingdings; "><span>à</span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> larva </span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Wingdings; "><span>à</span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> pupa (kepompong) </span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Wingdings; "><span>à</span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> imago (dewasa)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Contoh :<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>kupu-kupu<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>nyamuk<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>lebah<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Metamorfosa tidak sempurna (<span style="color: fuchsia; ">hemimetabola</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">tahapnya :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Telur<span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Wingdings; "><span>à</span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>nimpha<span> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Wingdings; "><span>à</span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>imago (dewasa)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Contoh :<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>belalang<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>periplaneta<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>jangkrik<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: fuchsia; ">Nimpha</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> adalah serangga muda yang bentuknya seperti serangga dewasa tetapi sebagian organ tubuhnya belum tumbuh atau sempurna.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Gb. Belalang<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Kepala<span> </span><span> </span>dada<span> </span><span> </span>perut<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Antena<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Mata<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">majemuk<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 5pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><span> </span>Membran tympani<span> </span>spirakel<span> </span>ovipositor</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Berdasarkan alat mulut dan bentuk sayap, insecta dibedakan menjadi 9 ordo, yaitu :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Orthoptera<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Isoptera<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Hemiptera<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Homoptera<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Odonata<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Coleoptera<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Lepidoptera<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Diptera<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Hymenoptera<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Ordo Orthotera </span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">(serangga bersayap lurus)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Merupakan serangga peloncat, alat mulut berfungsi untuk menggigit, sayap depan disebut <span style="color: fuchsia; ">tegmina</span> (bentuknya lurus menyempit dan kuat), sedang sayap belakang tipis seperti membran, mengalami metamorfosa tidak sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Disostura sp</i> (belalang padang)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Gryllus sp</i> (jangkrik)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Hierodula </i>(belalang sembah)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Phasma</i> (belalang jambu)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Kecoak<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Ordo Isoptera</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> (Archiptera)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h1 style="text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Memiliki rahang besar dan menonjol, sayap 4 buah dan menyempit, bila sudah tua sayap akan lenyap, mengalami metamorfosa tidak sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Hidup menunjukan sifat polimorfisme, yaitu dalamsatu species terdapat bermacam-macam bentuk tubuh yang fungsi atau tugasnya berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Rayap, yang terdiri dari :<span> </span><span> </span>-<span> </span>rayap raja<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>rayap ratu<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>rayap prajurit<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>rayap pekerja<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size:100%;"><span> </span><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Rayap raja dan ratu berfungsi seksual<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><h1 style="font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong>Ordo Hemiptera</strong><span style="font-weight: normal; "> (serangga bersayap tidak sama)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-indent: 18pt; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Merupakan serangga hama, alat mulut berfungsi untuk menusuk dan menghisap, bersayap atau tidak bersayap, mengalami metamorfosa tidak sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Nilaparvata lugens</i> (wereng)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Leptocorsita acuta</i> (walang sangit)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><h1 style="text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Berbagai hama padi<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-indent: 0cm; font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Kutu busuk<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="font-size: 24px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; color: rgb(51, 136, 51); font-weight: normal; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong>Ordo Homoptera</strong><span style="font-weight: normal; "> (serangga bersayap sama)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></h1><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Alat mulut untuk menghisap, sayap 4 buah atau tidak bersayap, mengalami metamorfosa tidak sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Pediculus humanitis capitis</i> (kutu manusia)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Coccidae</i> (kutu perisai)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Phthirus pubis</i> (kutu alat kelamin)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Tonggeret padi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Kutu anjing<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Ordo Odonata<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Bersifat predator, memiliki 2 pasang dan kepala dapat digerakan dengan bebas, mengalami metamorfosa sempurna, nimphanya bersifat aquatik.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Capung<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Ordo Coleoptera<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Tubuh keras, mempunyai 2 pasang sayap. Sayap depan keras dan tebal dengan permukaan halus yang mengandung zat tanduk disebut <span style="color: fuchsia; ">elitra</span>. Sayap belakang dapat dilipat waktu istirahat, mengalami metamorfosa sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Sitophylus oryzae</i> (kutu beras<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Coccinella sp</i> (kepik emas<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Kumbang kayu<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Kumbang kulit<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Kumbang kapas<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Ordo Lepidoptera</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> (golongan kupu-kupu)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Memiliki 2 pasang sayap, bersisik dan warna bermacam-macam, alat mulut untuk menghisap (dewasa) tetapi waktu masih larva mulut untuk mengunyah atau menggigit, mengalami metamorfosa sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Kupu-kupu<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Ordo Diptera</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> (serangga bersayap dua)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Memiliki 1 pasang sayap karena sayap belakang mengalami penyusutan maka terbentuklah bulatan-bulatan kecil yang disebut <span style="color: fuchsia; ">halter</span>. Mengalami metamorfosa sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Anopheles sp</i> (nyamuk malaria)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Culex sp</i> (nyamuk biasa)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Musca domestica</i> (lalat rumah)<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Ordo Hymenoptera</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> (serangga bersayap empat)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Memiliki 2 pasang sayap. Pada serangga betina dilengkapi dengan alat bertelur (<span style="color: fuchsia; ">ovipositor</span>) dan<span> </span>alat penyengat. Alat mulut berfungsi untuk menjilat dan mengunyah, mengalami metamorfosa sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Apis mellifera</i>/ <i>Apis indica</i> (lebah madu)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Vespula maculata</i> (tawon endas)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Semut hitam<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Lebah dengung<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Peranan insecta dalam kehidupan<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Menguntungkan :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>sebagai serangga penyerbuk<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>sebagai predator, misal capung, kepik<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>sebagi penghasil bahan makanan dan industri<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>sebagai salah satu komponen dalam ekosistem<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Merugikan<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>penyebab penyakit pada hewan dan manusia<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>hama pada tanaman pertanian<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>sebagi vektor atau pembawa berbagai penyakit, misal lalat dan nyamuk<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">c.<span> </span>Chilopoda<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Dikelompokkan dalam Myriapoda. Tubuh gepeng beruas-ruas, setiap setiap ruas terdiri atas sepasang kaki, dan dibedakan antara kepala dan badan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Kepala terdapat sepasang antena, mulut dan mata. Bernafas dengan trakhea, bersifat karnivora. Alat mulut ujungnya seperti cakar yang berperan sebagai taring berbisa.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Scolapendra heros</i> (kelabang atau lipan)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">d.<span> </span>Diplopoda<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Dikelompokkan dalam Myriapoda. Tubuh bulat panjang, bersegmen, pada tiap ruas terdapat dua pasang kaki, dan dibedakan antara kepala dan badan.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Kepala terdapat sepasang antena pendek, mempunyai taring tidak berbisa. Bernafas dengan trakhea. Hidup di tempat yang lembab (darat).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Julus virgatus </i>(keluwing atau hewan kaki seribu)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">e.<span> </span>Arachnida<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Tubuh terdiri dari kepala-dada (cephalothorax) dan perut (abdomen).</span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Kepala memiliki dua alat mulut, yaitu :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -54pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: fuchsia; ">Kelisera</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span> </span>:<span> </span>bentuk seperti catut/ gunting yang digunakan untuk melindungi mangsanya<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -54pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; color: fuchsia; ">Pedipalpus</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> :<span> </span>bentuk seperti kaki yang digunakan untuk memegang mangsanya<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Terdapat 4 pasang kaki, bernafas dengan paru-paru, trakhea atau keduanya, peredaran darah terbuka.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Arachida dibedakan menjadi 3, yaitu<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><b>Scorpionidae</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Memiliki alat penyengat dibagian poterior kelisera, pedipalpus besar.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Heterometrus cyaneus</i> (kalajengking)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Chelifer cancroides</i> (kalabuku)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><b>Arachnida</b> (Aracneida)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Alat mulut di depan anus, dapat membuat jaring-jaring.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Mygale javanicus</i> (laba-laba burung)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Nephila maculata</i> (laba-laba raksasa)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Heteropoda</i> (laba-laba pemburu)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><b>Acarina</b><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Merupakan arthropoda<span> </span>parasit<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span><i>Sarcoptes scabei</i> (kutu kudis)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Rhipicephaluas sanguineus </i>(caplak anjing)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Ctenocephalides cannis</i> (pinjal anjing)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Ctenocephalides felis</i> (pijal kucing)<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Tungau<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">8.<span> </span>Mollusca (hewan bertubuh lunak)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Tubuh lunak terbungkus oleh cangkang yang mengandung zat kapur atau tidak bercangkang. Bersifat triploblastik dan mempunyai matel yang berfungsi menutupi organ-organ viseral dan membuat rongga mantel.</span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Alat gerak berupa kaki yang berfungsi untuk merayap dan menangkap mangsanya. Sudah memiliki sistem pencernaan, syaraf, ekskresi, otot dan reproduksi.</span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Mollusca dibedakan menjadi 5 kelas, yaitu :</span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Amphineura, paling primitif</span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Gastropoda, kaki di perut</span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Scaphopoda, kaki lancip</span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Pelecypoda (Lamellibranchiata, Bivalvia), kaki</span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><span> </span>lancip insang berlapis-lapis</span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; "><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Cephalopoda, kakai di depan</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">a.<span> </span>Aphineura<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Hidup di laut, kaki perutnya melekat pada batu-batuan,<span> </span>pada rongga mantel terdapat insang. Permukaan dorsal ditutupi oleh spikula yan gberlendir dengan delapan keping yang mengandung zat kapur.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 42pt; text-indent: -42pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Chiton</i>, dalam daur hidupnya mengalami fase <span style="color: fuchsia; ">trokopor</span> (larva bersilia dan dapat bergerak bebas)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">b.<span> </span>Gastropoda<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Hidup di aair tawar, laut dan darat. Umumnya mempunyai cangkok (rumah) berbentuk kerucut terpilin (spiral) sehingga bentuk tubuh menyesuaikan dengan bentuk cangkok, tetapi ada siput yang tidak mempunyai cangkang yang disebut siput telanjang.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Gerakan Gastropoda umumnya lambat karena kontraksi otot menyerupai gelombang yang dimulai dari belakang menjalar ke depan sehingga kaki dapat menjulur ke muka dan kaki bagian belakang terseret ke depan. Untuk memudahkan geseran kakinya dikeluarkan lendir.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Bersifat hermaprodit tetapi tidak pernah terjadi pembuahan sendiri dan pembuahan terjadi setelah adanya perkawinan. Ovovipar atau telur menetas di dalam tubuh/ uterus. Bernafas dengan paru-paru yang ada di darat dan dengan insang yang ada di air.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Peranan Gastropoda dalam kehidupan<span> </span>:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Menguntungkan<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>sebagai makanan yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>sebagi komponen penting dalam ekosistem, misal sebagai inang perantara dari kehidupan <i>Fasciola hepatica</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>sebagai bahan kolektor yang indah, misal cangkang<span> </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Merugikan<span> </span>:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -6pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>beberapa Gastropoda merusak pada tanaman pertanian, misal bekicot (<i>Achatina fulica</i>), keong, siput<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">c.<span> </span>Scaphopoda<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Memiliki cangkok seperti gading gajah atau terompet. Hidup di laut (pantai berlumpur). Tubuh memanjang, kaki lancip yang berfungsi untuk menggali pasir atau lumpur.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh<span> </span>:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Siput gading gajah<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">d.<span> </span>Pelecypoda<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Mempunyai kaki pipih seperti kapak untuk membuat lobang, cangkok terdiri dari 2 bagian yang dihubungkan semacam engnsel (bivalvia), insang berupa lembaran yang berlapis-lapis (Lamellibranchiata).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Cangkok tersusun atas 3 lapisan, yaitu<span> </span>:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: -66pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><span style="color: blue; ">Periostrakum</span> :<span> </span>merupakan lapisan luar yang tipis gelap dan tersusun dari zat tanduk<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: -66pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><span style="color: blue; ">Prismatik</span><span> </span>:<span> </span>lapisan tengah yang tersusun atas kristal-kristal zat kapur yang berbentuk prisma<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: -66pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span><span style="color: blue; ">Nakreas </span><span> </span>:<span> </span>lapisan dalam yang tersusun atas kristal kalsium karbonat yang lebih halus. Lapisan ini disebut <span style="color: fuchsia; ">lapisan mutiara</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 78pt; text-indent: -66pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Gb.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span> </span>Periostrakum<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Lapisan prisma<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Lapisan nakre<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 108pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 7pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Mantel<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Proses terjadinya mutiara<span> </span>:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Diantara cangkok dan mantel kemasukkan benda asing misalnya pasir yang merupakan inti untuk butir-butir mutiara, kemudian inti butir mutiara ini dapat dimasukan diantara mantel dan lapisan nakreas sehingga terbentuklah mutiara.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Mutiara dapat terbentuk secara alami atau sengaja diproduksi secara besar-besaran dengan cara menyuntikan inti butir mutiara (karbon) pada beberapa kerang mutiara, misal <i>Pinctada margaritifera</i> dan <i>Pinctada mertensi</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh lain :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Tiram (<i>Mytelus sp, Ostrea sp</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Ketam (<i>Anodonta sp</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Remis (<i>Buccinus sp, Asaphis detlorata</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Terredo navalis</i>,<span> </span>merupakan kerang pengebor kayu<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>galangan kapal<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">e.<span> </span>Cephalopoda</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span> </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Kaki di kepala, kepala dapat terlihat jelas dan mata besar, kaki sekeliling otot dimidifikasi menjadi tangan, tentakel sekeliling mulut dan corong yang merupakan saluran keluar dari rongga mantel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Kebanyakan Cephalopoda mempunyai kantong atau kelenjar tinta. Umumnya tidak bercangkok kecuali pada <i>Nautilus</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Nautilus<o:p></o:p></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span> </span>Loligo indica</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; "> (cumi-cumi)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span><i>Octopus sp</i> (gurita)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Ikan sotong<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">9.<span> </span>Echinodermata (hewan berkulit duri)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Merupakan binatang<span> </span>triploblastik selopmata, tubuh simetris radial yang terbagi menjadi 5 bagian, umumnya mempunyai duri, saluran pencernaan sempurna meski anus pada sebagian Echinodermata tidak berfungsi, hidup di laut, gerakan lambat dengan kaki pembuluh (<span style="color: fuchsia; ">ambulakral</span>) yang terjadi dengan mengubah tekanan air yang diatur oleh sistem pembuluh air yang berkembang dari selom.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Jenis kelamin terpisah, larva mempunyai bentuk simetris bilateral yang dapat berenang secara bebas disebut <span style="color: fuchsia; ">bipinnaria</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Struktur larva Echonodermata mempunyai persamaan dengan struktur Chordata rendah dan dalam perkembangan embrio tahap awal, kedua phyllum di atas mempunyai persamaan. Jadi jika dilihat secara embriologis Echonodermata lebih dekat dengan Chordata daripada ke Annelida, Mollusca atau Arthropoda.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Echinodermata dapat dibedakan menjadi 5 kelas, yaitu<span> </span>:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Asteroidea<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Echinoidea<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Ophiouroidea<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Crinoidea<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 30pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Holothuroidea<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">a. <span></span>Asteroidea<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Bentuk seperti bintang laut atau segi lima, permukaan bawah (oral) terdapat mulut,permukaan atas (adoral) terdapat anus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Kaki pembuluh terdapat pada permukaan oral, pada permukaan adoral selain terdapat anus juga terdapat <span style="color: fuchsia; ">madreporit</span> yaitu lobang yang mempunyai saringan yang menghubungkan air laut dengan sistem pembuluh air dan lobang kelamin.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Macam-macam bintang laut<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">b.<span> </span>Echinoidea<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Bentuk hampir bulat atau gepeng, tidak mempunyai tangan, rangka tersusun dari keping-keping zat kapur dan umumnya berduri.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Landak laut<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">c.<span> </span>Opiuroidea<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Tubuh mempunyai 5 tangan yang dapat digerakan. Mulut dan madreporit terdapat di daerah oral, tidak mempunyai anus.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Bintang laiut atau bintang ular laut<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">d.<span> </span>Crinoidea<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Tubuh mempunyai 5 tangan yang bercabang , mulut dan anus di daerah oral, tidak mempunyai madreporit.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span> </span>Lilia laut<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">e. <span></span>Holothuroidea<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Tubuh memanjang, sekitar mulut terdapat tentakel yang bercabang, bregerak dengan tiga garis kaki pembuluh.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:85%;">Contoh :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Teripang atau mentimun laut<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"> </span></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Peranan Echinodermata dalam kehidupan<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Menguntungkan<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>sebagai makanan, misal teripang dan telur bulu babi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>sebagai pembersih karena memakan bangkai ataui sisa-sisa hewan yang terdapat di pantai<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Merugikan<span> </span>:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Bintang laut dapat merusak binatang karang (memakan)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 9pt; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">-<span> </span>Bintang laut juga dapat memakan janis-jenis tiram di antaranya kerang mutiara</span></span></p></span>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-46004632091752555002009-05-29T00:26:00.001-07:002009-05-29T00:34:23.336-07:00Animalia<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHidoH9_SgZEdrn8LTs09IvIAqgvP2Wd4IBpdUpc5KG8FZgAHQZr40WpIKKQjsbaLmiisqkbRBDe_hX_HVODgncXL4O5rIUNuQLpzgo16HGAnMxfGD1jiAf62QiJye6ZrqwUnF_B8LmGk/s1600-h/animalia_narrowweb__300x4040.jpg"></a><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHidoH9_SgZEdrn8LTs09IvIAqgvP2Wd4IBpdUpc5KG8FZgAHQZr40WpIKKQjsbaLmiisqkbRBDe_hX_HVODgncXL4O5rIUNuQLpzgo16HGAnMxfGD1jiAf62QiJye6ZrqwUnF_B8LmGk/s320/animalia_narrowweb__300x4040.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5341145509161794274" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 238px; height: 320px; " /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgus0nXlMZ2fqr9jiCadPX6Jp_Sh_rb5czOn8nyO6148L7d122RpJaZA7E3rFkwTSsFO-erpJTxDsN8pMWpHKu34rHKhUenS7lQPCedePdTPCWOQCisZ2dt1Vl7CrnLW13lxgHv1efe-i8/s1600-h/animalia_2.gif"></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"><p align="left"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Andy;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">Saya akan membagikan ilmu saya mengenai Kingdom Animalia.</span></span></span></p><p align="left"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family:Andy;"><br /></span></p><p align="left"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-family:Andy;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); font-family:Georgia;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgus0nXlMZ2fqr9jiCadPX6Jp_Sh_rb5czOn8nyO6148L7d122RpJaZA7E3rFkwTSsFO-erpJTxDsN8pMWpHKu34rHKhUenS7lQPCedePdTPCWOQCisZ2dt1Vl7CrnLW13lxgHv1efe-i8/s320/animalia_2.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5341144870652204754" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 183px; " /></span></span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Kingdom Animalia dibagi menjadi dua kategori yaitu Avertebrata (atau Invertebrata) dan Vertebrata.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">AVERTEBRATA (Hewan tidak bertulang belakang)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Avertebrata meliputi:</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> NEMATHELMINTHES</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Nemathelminthes adalah jenis cacing yang hidup sebagai parasit dalam tubuh manusia maupun hewan. Contoh: cacing kremi.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> PLATYHELMINTHES</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Platyhelminthes adalah jenis cacing yang bertubuh pipih. Contoh: cacing pita.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> ANNELIDA</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Annelida adalah jenis cacing yang bentuk tubuhnya bulat memanjang serta beruas-ruas. Contoh: leech.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> PORIFERA (Hewan berpori)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: spons.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> COELENTERATA (Hewan berongga)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: ubur-ubur, hydra.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> MOLLUSCA (Hewan bertubuh lunak)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: bekicot.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> ECHINODERMATA (Hewan berkulit duri)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: bintang laut.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> ARTHROPODA</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> INSECTA</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: kupu-kupu</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> CRUSTACEAE</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: udang</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> MYRIAPODA</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: lipan.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> ARACHNIDA</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: laba-laba.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">VERTEBRATA (Hewan bertulang belakang)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> PISCES</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: ikan salmon, ikan hiu.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> AMPHIBIA</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: katak pohon.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> REPTILIA</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: kura-kura, ular, kadal, komodo</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> AVES</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: elang, burung hantu.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> MAMMALIA</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: platypus, kanguru, orang-utan.</span></p></span>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-38192627633571027792009-05-29T00:09:00.000-07:002009-05-29T00:13:12.066-07:00Protista<span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Kingdom Protista meliputi seluruh makhluk hidup yang memiliki sel eukariotik (memiliki selaput inti) tapi bukan termasuk Fungi (jamur), Plantae dan Animalia. Contoh dari protista ini adalah <i>protozoa</i> atau hewan bersel satu dan algae (ganggang).</span></p><p align="left"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Andy;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Berikut akan saya Jelaskan :</span></span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">PROTOZOA</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Mayoritas protozoa bersel satu dan dapat bergerak sendiri, walaupun ada beberapa pengecualian. Ukuran protozoa berkisar antara 0.01-0.5 milimeter. Protozoa terbagi dalam empat grup yakni:<ul><li>Flagellata. Protozoa jenis ini menggunakan flagela untuk bergerak. Flagella adalah suatu organel yang berbentuk menyerupai cambuk. Flagella ini dimiliki banyak organisme uniselular dan dimiliki beberapa organisme multiselular. Contoh flagellata adalah <i>Euglena</i>.</li><li>Amuboid. Alat gerak hewan ini disebut pseudopodia. Contoh amuboid adalah <i>Amuba</i>.</li><li>Cilliata. Cilliata menggunakan cilia (tunggal: cilium) yang pendek. Contoh cilliata adalah <i>Paramecium</i>.</li><li>Sporozoa. Sporozoa adalah parasit yang tidak bisa bergerak bebas. Sporozoa membentuk spora. Contohnya: <i>Plasmodium</i>.</li></ul></span></p><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"><p>ALGAE</p><p>Algae atau ganggang termasuk tumbuhan autotrof. Algae menyerap cahaya matahari untuk kemudian digunakan dalam proses fotosintesis. Beberapa jenis algae tergabung dalam kingdom Plantae dan sisanya tergabung dalam kingdom Protista. Algae terbagi dalam grup sebagai berikut:</p><ul><li>Chlorophyta. Grup ini mencakup ganggang hijau dan tumbuhan sejenis yang lebih tinggi tingkatannya. Ganggang hijau memiliki klorofil dan tinggal di air laut, air tawar maupun tempat-tempat yang basah. Contoh jenis ganggang ini adalah <i>Ulva</i> dan <i>Spirogyra</i>.</li><li>Rhodophyta. Jenis ganggang ini tinggal di laut dan mayoritas ganggang ini adalah multiselular. Ganggang ini juga memiliki klorofil seperti halnya Chlorophyta. Ganggang ini digunakan untuk membuat agar-agar. Contohnya: <i>Eucheuma spinosum</i>, dan <i>Gracilaria</i>.</li><li>Heterokontophyta. Heterokontophyta mencakup ganggang coklat dan diatom. Banyak jenis ganggang ini adalah uniselular yang bergerak dengan flagella. Heterokontophyta terbagi menjadi dua divisi. Yang pertama adalah divisi Chrysophyta - mencakup kelas Chyrsophyceae (ganggang emas) dan kelas Bacillariophyceae (diatom) dan yang kedua adalah divisi Phaeophyta (ganggang coklat). Contoh heterokontophyta adalah: <i>Macrocystis</i>.</li></ul></span></span>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-24371688224612654792009-05-28T23:55:00.000-07:002009-05-29T00:09:06.896-07:00Classification of plants<span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:'times new roman';"><p align="left"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;font-family:-webkit-monospace;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-family:'times new roman';"></span></span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Kindom Plantae terbagi menjadi dua grup besar yaitu: Thallophyta (tumbuhan tidak berpembuluh) dan Tracheophyta (tumbuhan berpembuluh).</span></p><p align="left"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Andy; font-size: 18px;">Berikut akan saya jelaskan :</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">PLANTAE</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> TALLOPHYTA</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Tumbuhan tidak berpembuluh meliputi: lumut dan ganggang. Untuk penjelasan ganggang, lihat <a href="http://www.geocities.com/taxo_mania/protista.htm">kingdom Protista</a>.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> BRYOPHYTA (lumut)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Lumut adalah tumbuhan autotrof. Ia memiliki klorofil dan bisa melakukan fotosintesis. Oleh sebab itu, warna lumut<br /> hijau. Lumut tumbuh di tempat yang lembap. Lumut berkembang biak secara generatif dan vegetatif. Hal itu terjadi<br /> secara bergantian. Peristiwa ini disebut <i>metagenesis</i>. Lumut dibagi menjadi dua kelas yaitu: hepaticeae dan musci.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> HEPATICEAE (lumut hati)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: <i>Marchantia.</i></span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> MUSCI (lumut sejati)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: <i>Spaghnum</i>.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> TRACHEOPHYTA</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Tumbuhan berpembuluh dapat dibagi menjadi dua kelas. Yaitu: Pterydophyta dan Spermatophyta.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> PTERYDOPHYTA (tumbuhan paku)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Tumbuhan paku memiliki akar, batang dan daun yang telah sempurna, tetapi tidak memiliki bunga. Tumbuhan ini<br /> berkembang biak dengan spora (vegetatif) dan generatif sama seperti lumut. Akar tumbuhan paku adalah serabut.<br /> Tumbuhan paku digolongkan menjadi empat kelas yaitu: Psilophytinae, Lycopodinae, Equisetinae, Filicinae.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> PSILOPHYTINAE (paku purba)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: <i>Psilotum.</i></span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> EQUISETINAE (paku ekor kuda)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: <i>Equisetum</i>.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> FILICINAE (paku sejati)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: paku tanduk rusa.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> LYCOPODINAE (paku kawat)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Contoh: <i>Lycopodium</i>.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> SPERMATOPHYTA</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Spermatophyta terbagi menjadi dua kelas: Gymnospermae dan Angiospermae.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> GYMNOSPERMAE (tumbuhan berbiji terbuka)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Alat perkembangbiakkan Gymnospermae disebut strobilus. Maksudnya berbiji terbuka adalah buah tumbuhan<br /> ini tidak terbungkus daging buah. Contoh: melinjo, pakis haji, dan konifer.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> ANGIOSPERMAE (tumbuhan berbiji tertutup)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> Buah Angiospermae tertutup atau terbungkus oleh daging buah. Angiospermae terbagi atas dua sub-kelas<br /> yaitu: Monocotyledonae dan Dicotyldonae.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> MONOCOTYLDONAE (tumbuhan berkeping satu)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> meliputi: suku rumput-rumputan, suku anggrek-anggrekan, suku jahe-jahean, dan suku pisang-pisangan.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> DICOTYLDONAE (tumbuhan berkeping dua)</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;"> meliputi: suku terong-terongan, suku jahe-jahean, suku jambu-jambuan, suku kacang-kacangan, suku<br /> komposit, suku pete-petean, suku johar-joharan dan suku kapas-kapasan.</span></p><p align="left"> </p><p align="left"><u><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">PERBEDAAN ANTARA TUMBUHAN MONOKOTIL DAN DIKOTIL</span></u></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="84%" id="AutoNumber1" style="border-collapse: collapse; color:#111111;"><tbody><tr><td width="5%" align="center"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:180%;">No.</span></td><td width="46%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:180%;">Monokotil</span></td><td width="49%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:180%;">Dikotil</span></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" align="center"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">1.</span></td><td width="46%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Bijinya berkeping satu.</span></td><td width="49%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Bijinya berkeping dua.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" align="center"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">2.</span></td><td width="46%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Letak pembuluh angkut tersebar.</span></td><td width="49%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Letak pembuluh angkut teratur.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" align="center"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">3.</span></td><td width="46%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Batang tidak bercabang-cabang, lurus.</span></td><td width="49%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Batang bercabang-cabang.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" align="center"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">4.</span></td><td width="46%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Tidak memiliki kambium.</span></td><td width="49%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Memiliki kambium.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" align="center"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">5.</span></td><td width="46%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Bagian-bagian bunga berjumlah 2,4, 5 atau kelipatannya.</span></td><td width="49%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Bagian-bagian bunga berumlah 3 atau kelipatannya.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" align="center"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">6.</span></td><td width="46%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Akar serabut</span></td><td width="49%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Akar tunggang.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" align="center"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">7.</span></td><td width="46%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Mengalami pertumbuhan primer saja.</span></td><td width="49%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Mengalami pertumbuhan primer dan sekunder.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="5%" align="center"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">8.</span></td><td width="46%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Tulang daun sejajar, melengkung.</span></td><td width="49%"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Tulang daun menjari, menyirip<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span><p></p>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-21023152692893587602009-05-28T23:46:00.000-07:002009-05-28T23:50:37.390-07:00Spore Bacillus anthracis live in 70 years<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; "><div class="post-body entry-content"><div style="text-align: center; "><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijGkWCae7kdZncT9T_wLqeQMrxumRSPGq5E5Wmy11THKnjRFAr6hD1j5ihXRoe6-FYVW3LYtjEPJnr3frtP7pdnCOsf8_5_JMLIpHJgHFby2WbRSXgnDg3sRc59x9QPh4K97MuuMdBEvo/s1600-h/antraks.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></span></a></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-monospace; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-monospace; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-monospace; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">In the history of microbiology, Bacillus anthracis is a pathogenic bacteria that cause disease antraks. Davaine & Rayer (1850) and Pollander (1855) have found bacteria of this network because the animals that died antraks. Then in the year 1857 Brauell bacteria can move this menginokulasi with blood from an infected animal, and the new 1877 Robert Koch successfully propagate B. anthracis in the laboratory. <br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-monospace; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtSLQan71ziE-gDIS-xfBTDZhDjLakv4P6md4lZr22bHj5oITvCxR88qanCbk9AIKVv1MP7jnEcg2XmTqACikb8DutNNks3VSnBDywfww1W-CJ0N2dK-BBuSJgblKPqUfCah7W93YaBpk/s320/daur+hidup+plasmodium.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5339332153538004162" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 204px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); " /></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">This gram-positive bacteria have a size of 3-5 mx 1-1.2 m. Straight rod-shaped layout with two-or two-like chain. Cell wall of bacteria is a polisakarida somatik consisting of N-asetilglukosamin and D-galaktosa. <br /><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-monospace; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-monospace; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijGkWCae7kdZncT9T_wLqeQMrxumRSPGq5E5Wmy11THKnjRFAr6hD1j5ihXRoe6-FYVW3LYtjEPJnr3frtP7pdnCOsf8_5_JMLIpHJgHFby2WbRSXgnDg3sRc59x9QPh4K97MuuMdBEvo/s320/antraks.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5339331764444290914" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 251px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); " /></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Furthermore, in bacterial cells antraks this eksotoksin there is also a complex consisting of protective Ag (PA), lethal factor (LF) and oedema factor (EF). Ketigannya role is seen in the rise of infectious diseases antraks. Precisely, the third component of the role eksotoksin together. Potective Ag serves to bind reseptor and lethal factor. Oedema factor while the system will enter the cells of bacteria. Oedema factor is the increasing adenilsiklase camp sitoplasma cells, while the specific function of the lethal factor is not yet known. <br /><br />Defense of life <br />In maintaining the life cycle, Bacillus anthracis formed two defense system, and the spore capsule. These two forms, especially that caused spore Bacillus anthracis can survive up to tens of years. <br /><br />While the capsule is a thin layer of the veil outside the walls of the bacteria. Capsule consists of a high molecular weight polipeptida containing acid and D-glutamat is a hapten. Bacillus anthracis capsule can be formed on the chain line. In the usual media, Bacillus anthracis capsule form but not in the groove of Bacillus anthracis violent. <br /><br />Furthermore, these bacteria will form a capsule with both on the network if there are animals that died or on special media containing natrium bicarbonate concentration with a carbon dioxide (CO2) 5 percent. This is the capsule that fagositosis a role in the persecution by the body immune system, and can also determine the degree of malignancy or virulensi bacteria.<br /><br />In addition, the Bacillus anthracis spore form also as a form of resting cells. The formation of spore akan occur when essential nutrients required to meet the needs of growth, the process is called sporulasi. Sporidium ellipse-shaped or oval, centrally located with diameter less than diameter of the bacteria itself. Bacillus anthracis spore form is not on the network or the blood of the living animal, the spore grows well on land or on the network eksudat or dead animals because antraks. <br /><br />This is where the bacteria this distinction, when the circumstances surrounding environment to become good again, or essential nutrients have been met, sporidium akan changed back into the form of the bacteria. Spore-spore is able to continue to survive for tens of years due to damaged or die hard by heating or chemical-specific, so that the bacteria are dormant, but not living breed. <br /><br />The pattern of transmission: <br />Antraks is a zoonosis disease that attacks the herbivora such as cows, sheep, horses, and others. Although, in general, rarely attack humans, but in fact this disease is a disease that is quite meresahkan. In principle there are three ways of transmission of disease to humans antraks. <br /><br />First, through direct contact. Spore or bacteria enter through skin lesi. Usually ekstrimitas who fell ill are particularly ekstrimitas the top. Klinisnya form known as malignant pustule or cutaneus Anthrax, arising 12-36 days after contact with the bacteria. At first, arising papula small, removing the liquid, the middle of the lesi appear nekrosis surrounded the area red. <br /><br />Second, through the respiratory channel. Klinisnya called pulmonary form of Anthrax, usually found on the factory workers and wool skin tanner. <br /><br />Third, through a per oral. Form klinisnya happen because ingest food (meat) or the infected bacterial spore antraks. Gastrointestinal disease called Anthrax. This form is usually treated difficult and dangerous. Symptoms that appear are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and sometimes hamatemesis<br /></span></span></div></div><div style="clear: both; "></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 88%; color: rgb(238, 250, 241); "><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-icons"><span class="item-control blog-admin pid-331155254" style="display: inline; "><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5744561831277177122&postID=2646528765832886929" title="Edit Entri" style="text-decoration: none !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><img alt="" class="icon-action" height="18" src="http://www.blogger.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif" width="18" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: -5px !important; margin-left: 0.5em !important; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); " /></span></a></span></span></div></div></span>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-20260787004513658792009-05-28T23:36:00.000-07:002009-05-29T00:25:46.405-07:00Jamur<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 20px; font-family:Verdana;font-size:14px;"><div class="post-body entry-content"><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 14px; font-size:48px;"><div style="text-align: left; "><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; font-size:14px;"><div class="post-body entry-content"><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 14px; font-size:48px;"><div style="text-align: left; "><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Manfaat dan Kekurangan Jamur Dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman'; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; "><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">jamur (tunggal: fungus, jamak: fungi) adalah organisme bersel eukariotik. Jamur mirip dengan tumbuhan, oleh sebab itu pada klasifikasi awal oleh Carolus Linneaus, jamur dan tumbuhan sempat digabung dalam kingdom Vegetabilia. Akan tetapi jamur adalah organisme heterotrof dan tumbuhan adalah organisme autotrof. Jamur tidak memiliki klorofil sehingga ia tidak bisa membuat makanan sendiri. Oleh sebab itu, fungi menyerap makanannya dari tumbuhan inang.</span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Ada lima divisi dari kingdom Fungi berdasar cara reproduksinya:</span></p><ul><li><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Chytridiomycota. Divisi ini biasa dikenal dengan chytrid. Fungi ini memproduksi zoospora yang mampu bergerak dengan menggunakan alat gerak flagella.</span></p></li><li><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Zygomycota. Divisi ini menggunakan zygospora untuk bereproduksi. Zygomycota memiliki hifa yang tidak bersekat. Contoh zygomycota adalah <i>Rhizopus</i>.</span></p></li><li><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Ascomycota. Divisi ini membentuk askospora. Contoh ascomycota adalah ragi. Ragi digunakan dalam pembuatan tape. Contoh lainnya: <i>Pennicillium</i>.</span></p></li><li><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Glomeromycota.</span></p></li><li><p align="left"><span style="font-family:Andy;font-size:130%;">Basidiomycota. Basidiomycota memproduksi meiospora yang disebut basidiospora. Contoh: jamur merang.</span></p></li></ul></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><ol start="1" type="1" style="margin-top: 0cm; "><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Mucor mucedo</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">biasa hidup di kotoran ternak dan roti.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Rhizopus oligosporus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">jamur tempe.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Sacharomyces cerevisae</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">:</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> berguna untuk membuat bir, roti maupun alkohol.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Neurospora sitophila:</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">jamur oncom.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Peniciliium noJaJum </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">dan </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Penicillium chrysogenum:</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> penghasil antibiotika penisilin.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Penicillium camemberti </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">dan </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Penicillium roqueforti: </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">berguna untuk mengharumkan keju.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Aspergillus oryzae: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">untuk membuat sake dan kecap.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Aspergillus wentii: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">untuk membuat kecap</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Aspergillus </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">flavus:</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> menghasilkan racun </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">aflatoksin</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> hidup pada biji-bijian. flatoksin salah satu penyebab kanker hati.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Claviceps purpurea: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">hidup sebagai parasit padabakal buah Gramineae.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Volvariella volvacea :</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">jamur merang, dapat dimakan dan sudah dibudidayakan</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Auricularia polytricha :</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">jamur kuping, dapat dimakan dan sudah dibudidayakan</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Exobasidium vexans : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">parasit pada pohon teh penyebab penyakit cacar daun teh atau </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">blister blight.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Amanita muscaria </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">dan </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Amanita phalloides: </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">jamur beracun, habitat di daerah subtropic</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Ustilago maydis :</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">jamur api, parasit pada jagung.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Puccinia graminis : </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">jamur karat, parasit pada gandum</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Epidermophyton fluocosum: </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">penyebab penyakit kaki atlit</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; padding-left: 14px; margin-bottom: 3px; "><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Microsporum sp.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">, </span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Trichophyton sp.: </span></span></span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style=" line-height: 115%; font-family:Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">penyebab penyakit kurap.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></li><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;font-size:13px;"><br /></span></div></ol></div></span></div><p></p><div style="clear: both; "></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 88%; color: rgb(238, 250, 241); "></div></span></div></div></span></div><p></p><div style="clear: both; "></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 88%; color: rgb(238, 250, 241); "></div></span>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-79680471065708805212009-05-28T23:06:00.000-07:002009-05-28T23:32:20.328-07:00Briophita<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 20px; font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14px;"><p align="JUSTIFY" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 20px; font-size:14px;"></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.25in; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; "><div class="post-body entry-content"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaPgln_qetFyIB9iqepo8Gt-KQYKFEed9ICE5tS7_QRWZlqlw0dqh_ukhhszfuCLzkM3AQSEVi40lhzHOcDbR5kvD21WxbWI9nUERx6TzlQ5P11ZyGOsW18JmKqzfQuBXsDqJKsVywt8k/s1600-h/Picture1.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaPgln_qetFyIB9iqepo8Gt-KQYKFEed9ICE5tS7_QRWZlqlw0dqh_ukhhszfuCLzkM3AQSEVi40lhzHOcDbR5kvD21WxbWI9nUERx6TzlQ5P11ZyGOsW18JmKqzfQuBXsDqJKsVywt8k/s320/Picture1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5339238685388512210" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 95px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); " /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Divisi bryophyta meliputi golongan lumut-lumutan</span></span><br />CIRI-CIRI UMUM<br /> Makroskopis, tinggi 1 – 2 cm<br /> Tubuh berupa talus (Thallophyta)<br /> Tidak memiliki pembuluh angkut (Non-Tracheophyta)<br /> Cara hidup : Fotoautotrof</span><div style="clear: both; "></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 88%; color: rgb(238, 250, 241); "><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span class="post-icons"><span class="item-control blog-admin pid-331155254" style="display: inline; "><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=5744561831277177122&postID=5620420591159596652" title="Edit Entri" style="text-decoration: none !important; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><img alt="" class="icon-action" height="18" src="http://www.blogger.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif" width="18" style="border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: -5px !important; margin-left: 0.5em !important; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); " /></span></a></span></span></div></div></span></span></p><p></p></span>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-8953777415223615452009-05-28T22:59:00.001-07:002009-05-28T23:05:01.413-07:00Klasifikasi Hewan dan Tumbuhan<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 20px; font-family:'times new roman';font-size:14px;"><p style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; "></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Hewan dan Tumbuhan </span></span></span></b></span></p><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Disina saya akan mencoba membagikan ilmu pengetahuan tentang</span></span></span></p><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Klasifikasi tumbuhan dan klasifikasi hewan, semoga dapat bermanfaat.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">KLASIFIKASI TUMBUHAN</span></span></b></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6RJzcanmo6RCB6K_IWM0BZvJ0cIaRe17Y8IY4Y_RLvPDaV3VvkuHbsnfuMydMdvKq94x-2N8KKpX9GTsHdFIYkzaUTAEVDFz4PWYza0-5kV6-riEUQPBbbPUGD4jpjW8CtmzBbTIdd1s/s320/gb19.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5339514109587344690" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 171px; height: 320px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); " /></span><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Anggota +/- 500.000 - 600.000 spesies</span></span></p><table width="100%" border="0"><tbody><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1.</span></b></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">ALGA/GANGGANG</span></b></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 85%; "></span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Dibagi dalam beberapa kelas:</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1. Chlorophyta: Ganggang Hijau.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2. Chrysophyta: Ganggang Keemasan.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">3. Phaeophyta: Ganggang Pirang/Coklat.<br />4. Rhodophyta: Ganggang Merah.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%" valign="top"></td><td width="94%"><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></span></span></span></p><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">BRYOPHYTA: LUMUT</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">3.</span></b></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">PTERIDOPHYTA: PAKU-PAKUAN</span></b></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Dibagi menjadi beberapa kelas:</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">a.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Kelas Psilophytinae</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">b.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Kelas Equisetinae</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">c.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Kelas Lycopodinae</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">d.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Kelas Filicinae</span></span></p><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">4.</span></b></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">SPERMATOPHYTA ATAU TUMBUHAN BERBIJI</span></b></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Menghasilkan biji sebagai alat berkembang biak, nama lainnya</span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Embriophyta Siphonogamae</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (tumbuhan berembrio yang perkawinannya melalui suatu saluran) atau </span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Antophyta</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (tumbuhan berbunga) atau </span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Phanerogamae</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> (alat kelaminnya tampak jelas yaitu berupa benang sari dan putik).</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">KLASIFIKASI HEWAN</span></span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Dalam mengelompokkan hewan untuk takson filum para ahli biologi menggunakan beberapa karakteristik hewan, antara lain:</span></span></p><table width="100%" border="0"><tbody><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Uniseluler atau multiseluler</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Diploblastik atau tripoblastik.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">3.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Metameri atau non metameri.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">4.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Asimetri, simetri radial atau simetri bilateral.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">5.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Anggota tubuh berbuku-buku atau tidak.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">6.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Mempunyai kerangka luar atau kerangka dalam.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">7.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Mempunyai notokord atau tidak.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">8.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Bentuk dan letak sistem organ.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Untuk klasifikasi hewan, saya hanya akan mambahas filum Chordata.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">FILUM CHORDATA</span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">ciri utama adalah (1) memiliki </span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">chorda dorsalis/notokord</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> dan (2) tubuhnya </span><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">simetris bilateral</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">. Dibagi menjadi 4 subfilum :</span></span></p><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">subfilum Hemichordata</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">subfilum Tunicata/Urochordata</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">3.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">subfilum Cephalochordata</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">4.</span></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">subfilum Vertebrata</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Subfilum Vertebrata dibagi menjadi beberapa kelas:<br /></span></span></p><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">1.</span></span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Kelas Agnatha</span></span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">: Ikan tidak berahang.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">2.</span></span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Chondrichtyes</span></span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">: Ikan bertulang rawan.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">3.</span></span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Osteichtyes</span></span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">: Ikan bertulang sejati.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">4.</span></span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Amphibi</span></span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">: katak dan salamander.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">5.</span></span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Kelas Reptil</span></span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">: hewan melata.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">6.</span></span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Kelas Aves</span></span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">: unggas.</span></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">7.</span></span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Kelas Mamalia</span></span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">: hewan menyusui.</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Contoh : Klasifikasi kucing<br />Regnum = Animalia, Filum = Chordata, Subfilum = Vertebrata, Kelas = Mamalia, Ordo = Carnivora, Famili = Felidae, Genus = Felis, Species = Felis domestica (Kucing)</span></span></p><p></p></span>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7926322771406707751.post-71900539245579713602009-05-28T22:59:00.000-07:002009-05-28T23:01:43.797-07:00<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; "><p style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><b><span style=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px; ">Hewan dan Tumbuhan </span></span></b></span></p><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; ">Disina saya akan mencoba membagikan ilmu pengetahuan tentang</span></span></p><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; ">Klasifikasi tumbuhan dan klasifikasi hewan, semoga dapat bermanfaat.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b><span style="">KLASIFIKASI TUMBUHAN</span></b></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6RJzcanmo6RCB6K_IWM0BZvJ0cIaRe17Y8IY4Y_RLvPDaV3VvkuHbsnfuMydMdvKq94x-2N8KKpX9GTsHdFIYkzaUTAEVDFz4PWYza0-5kV6-riEUQPBbbPUGD4jpjW8CtmzBbTIdd1s/s320/gb19.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5339514109587344690" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 171px; height: 320px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); " /></span><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Anggota +/- 500.000 - 600.000 spesies</span></p><table width="100%" border="0"><tbody><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b>1.</b></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b>ALGA/GANGGANG</b></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-size: 85%; "></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Dibagi dalam beberapa kelas:</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; "><br /></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">1. Chlorophyta: Ganggang Hijau.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; "><br /></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">2. Chrysophyta: Ganggang Keemasan.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">3. Phaeophyta: Ganggang Pirang/Coklat.<br />4. Rhodophyta: Ganggang Merah.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%" valign="top"></td><td width="94%"><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; "><br /></span></span></p><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; ">2.</span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px; ">BRYOPHYTA: LUMUT</span></span><br /></p></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b>3.</b></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b>PTERIDOPHYTA: PAKU-PAKUAN</b></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"> </td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Dibagi menjadi beberapa kelas:</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">a.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Kelas Psilophytinae</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">b.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Kelas Equisetinae</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">c.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Kelas Lycopodinae</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">d.</span></td><td width="94%"><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Kelas Filicinae</span></p><p> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b>4.</b></span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b>SPERMATOPHYTA ATAU TUMBUHAN BERBIJI</b></span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"> </td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Menghasilkan biji sebagai alat berkembang biak, nama lainnya<span style="">Embriophyta Siphonogamae</span> (tumbuhan berembrio yang perkawinannya melalui suatu saluran) atau <span style="">Antophyta</span> (tumbuhan berbunga) atau <span style="">Phanerogamae</span> (alat kelaminnya tampak jelas yaitu berupa benang sari dan putik).</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b><span style="">KLASIFIKASI HEWAN</span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Dalam mengelompokkan hewan untuk takson filum para ahli biologi menggunakan beberapa karakteristik hewan, antara lain:</span></p><table width="100%" border="0"><tbody><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">1.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Uniseluler atau multiseluler</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">2.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Diploblastik atau tripoblastik.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">3.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Metameri atau non metameri.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">4.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Asimetri, simetri radial atau simetri bilateral.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">5.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Anggota tubuh berbuku-buku atau tidak.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">6.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Mempunyai kerangka luar atau kerangka dalam.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">7.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Mempunyai notokord atau tidak.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">8.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Bentuk dan letak sistem organ.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Untuk klasifikasi hewan, saya hanya akan mambahas filum Chordata.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; "><b>FILUM CHORDATA</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">ciri utama adalah (1) memiliki <span style="">chorda dorsalis/notokord</span> dan (2) tubuhnya <span style="">simetris bilateral</span>. Dibagi menjadi 4 subfilum :</span></p><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">1.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">subfilum Hemichordata</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">2.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">subfilum Tunicata/Urochordata</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">3.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">subfilum Cephalochordata</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">4.</span></td><td width="94%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">subfilum Vertebrata</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Subfilum Vertebrata dibagi menjadi beberapa kelas:<br /></span></p><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">1.</span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Kelas Agnatha</span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">: Ikan tidak berahang.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">2.</span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Chondrichtyes</span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">: Ikan bertulang rawan.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">3.</span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Osteichtyes</span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">: Ikan bertulang sejati.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">4.</span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Amphibi</span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">: katak dan salamander.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">5.</span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Kelas Reptil</span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">: hewan melata.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">6.</span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Kelas Aves</span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">: unggas.</span></td></tr><tr><td width="6%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">7.</span></td><td width="30%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Kelas Mamalia</span></td><td width="64%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">: hewan menyusui.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 85%; ">Contoh : Klasifikasi kucing<br />Regnum = Animalia, Filum = Chordata, Subfilum = Vertebrata, Kelas = Mamalia, Ordo = Carnivora, Famili = Felidae, Genus = Felis, Species = Felis domestica (Kucing)</span></p></span>Satria Sujahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08524954918839056312noreply@blogger.com0