Disini saya akan membagikan ilmu saya tentang Spermatophyta (tumbuhan berbiji):
Gymnospermae (tumbuhan berbiji terbuka)
Ciri-ciri gymnospermae tidak mempunyai bunga sejati, tidak ada mahkota bunganya. Bakal biji terdapat di luar permukaan dan tidak dilindungi oleh daun buah, merupakan tumbuhan heterospora yaitu menghasilkan dua jenis spora berlainan, megaspora membentuk gamet betina, sedangkan mikrospora menghasilkan serbuk sari, struktus reproduksi terbentuk di dalam strobilus. Dalam reproduksi terjadi pembuahan tunggal.
Gymnospermae dibagi dalam empat kelompok yaitu pinophyta, cycadophyta, ginkgophyta dan gnetophyta. Pinophyta dikenal sebagai konifer, menghasilkan resin/getah, monoesis, daun berbentuk jarum, contohnya Pinus sp. Cycadophyta hidup di daerah tropis dan subtropis, diesis, contohnya Cycas revoluta, Cycas rumphii, Encephalartos transvenosus. Ginkgophyta hanya mempunyai satu spesies di dunia ini yaitu Ginkgo biloba, diesis, biji tidak di dalam rujung benar-benar terbuka ke udara bebas. Gnetophyta berbeda dengan kelompok lainnya karena memiliki pembuluh kayu untuk mengatur air pada bagian xilemnya. Contohnya Gnetum gnemon, Epherda dan Welwitschia. Manfaat gymnospermae yaitu untuk industri kertas dan korek api (Pinus dan Agathis), untuk obat-obatan (Pinus, Ephedra, Juniperus), untuk makanan (Gnetum gnemon), tanaman hias (Thuja, Cupressus, Araucaria).
Angiospermae (tumbuhan berbiji tertutup)
Ciri-ciri Angiospermae memiliki bakal biji atau biji yang tertutup oleh daun buah, mempunyai bunga sejati, umumnya tumbuhan berupa pohon, perdu, semak, liana dan herba. Dalam reproduksi terjadi pembuahan ganda. Angiospermae dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu Monocotyledoneae (berkeping satu) dan Dicotyledoneae (berkeping dua).
Monocotyledoneae
Mempunyai biji berkeping satu, berakar serabut, batangnya dari pangkal sampai ujung hampir sama besarnya. Umumnya tidak bercabang. Akar dan batang tidak berkambium. Contohnya: Oryza sativa (padi), Zea mays (jagung), Musa paradisiaca (pisang), Cocos nucifera (kelapa).
Dicotyledoneae
Mempunyai biji jumlah kepingnya dua, berakar tunggang, batang dari pangkal besar makin ke atas makin kecil. Batang bercabang, akar dan batang berkambium. Contohnya: Casia siamea (johar), Arachis hypogea (kacang tanah), Psidium guajava (jambu biji), Ficus elastica (karet).
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